Physical Properties of Biodiesel B10 and B20

Oct 13, 2025 by windailys.com 102 views

Analysis of Physical Properties of Biodiesel B10, B20 and Exhaust Gas Emission Tests from Hazelnut Oil Derivatives through Transesterification with Base KOH

Introduction

The world is shifting towards alternative fuels to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate the effects of climate change. Biodiesel, a renewable and biodegradable fuel, has gained significant attention in recent years. Hazelnut oil, rich in fatty acids, has great potential to be developed into biodiesel. This study explores the physical properties and emissions of biodiesel exhaust gas B10 and B20 produced from hazelnut oil through the transesterification process with the KOH-base catalyst.

Methodology

The process of making biodiesel begins with the refinement of hazelnut seeds, followed by extraction using hexane solvents to get crude oil. Crude oil is then rotated in Rotavapor to produce pure hazelnut oil. Analysis of the composition of fatty acids is done using gas chromatography (GC). Furthermore, hazelnut oil is transmitted with methanol and KOH catalyst at 65 ° C for 3 hours. The result, obtained Fame (Fatty Acid Methyl Esther) or Biodiesel.

Fame is then purified through washing with a dilute hydrochloric acid and extracted using hexane. After the evaporation process, Fame is obtained as a pure biodiesel. This biodiesel is then mixed with diesel oil to form B10 (10% Fame + 90% Solar oil) and B20 (20% Fame + 80% Solar oil).

Physical Properties of Biodiesel B10 and B20

Testing physical characteristics in biodiesel B10 and B20 shows promising results. Density is an important parameter in determining the performance of biodiesel. The density of B10 is 0.819 gr/cm3, while B20 has a density of 0.829 gr/cm3. Viscosity is another critical parameter that affects the performance of biodiesel. The viscosity of B10 and B20 are 3.99 CST and 4.11 CST, respectively. The flame points of B10 and B20 are recorded at 57 ° C and 58 ° C, respectively. The points of clouds of B10 and B20 are -0.4 ° C and -4.5 ° C, respectively. The water content of B10 and B20 are 0.03% and 0.09%, respectively. The IOD numbers of B10 and B20 are 27.08 GI2/100 mg and 36.22 GI2/100 mg, respectively.

Exhaust Emission Tests

The exhaust emission test results show that the B10 produces 16% emissions, B20 produces 6.5% emissions, while diesel oil produces 24.5% emissions. This data indicates that the use of biodiesel B10 and B20 can significantly reduce exhaust gas emissions compared to diesel oil.

Conclusion

This study shows that hazelnut oil has great potential to be developed into biodiesel fuel. The physical properties of Biodiesel B10 and B20 produced meet the applicable Indonesian national standards, while the exhaust gas emissions are lower than diesel oil. This indicates that biodiesel from hazelnut oil has the potential to be an alternative fuel that is environmentally friendly and sustainable.

Future Research Directions

It is essential to note that this research is still in the early stages and further research needs to be carried out to examine more in various aspects, such as the optimization of the transesterification process, combustion characteristics, and long-term impacts on the engine. However, the results of this study provide initial evidence that is promising for the development of biodiesel from hazelnut oil.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made:

Further research is needed to optimize the transesterification process to improve the yield and quality of biodiesel.
The combustion characteristics of biodiesel B10 and B20 should be investigated to determine their performance in engines.
Long-term impacts of biodiesel on engines should be studied to determine its durability and reliability.

Limitations of the Study

This study has several limitations that should be noted. Firstly, the study was conducted on a small scale, and further research is needed to confirm the results on a larger scale. Secondly, the study only investigated the physical properties and emissions of biodiesel B10 and B20, and further research is needed to investigate other aspects of biodiesel.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study provides initial evidence that hazelnut oil has great potential to be developed into biodiesel fuel. The physical properties of Biodiesel B10 and B20 produced meet the applicable Indonesian national standards, while the exhaust gas emissions are lower than diesel oil. This indicates that biodiesel from hazelnut oil has the potential to be an alternative fuel that is environmentally friendly and sustainable. Further research is needed to optimize the transesterification process, combustion characteristics, and long-term impacts on the engine.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Biodiesel from Hazelnut Oil

Q: What is biodiesel, and how is it produced?

A: Biodiesel is a renewable and biodegradable fuel produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. It is produced through a process called transesterification, where the oil is mixed with an alcohol, such as methanol, and a catalyst, such as KOH, to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).

Q: What is the process of making biodiesel from hazelnut oil?

A: The process of making biodiesel from hazelnut oil involves several steps, including:

Refining of hazelnut seeds
Extraction of crude oil using hexane solvents
Purification of crude oil using Rotavapor
Analysis of fatty acid composition using gas chromatography (GC)
Transesterification of hazelnut oil with methanol and KOH catalyst
Purification of FAME using washing with dilute hydrochloric acid and extraction using hexane
Evaporation of FAME to produce pure biodiesel

Q: What are the physical properties of biodiesel B10 and B20?

A: The physical properties of biodiesel B10 and B20 are as follows:

Density: 0.819 gr/cm3 (B10) and 0.829 gr/cm3 (B20)
Viscosity: 3.99 CST (B10) and 4.11 CST (B20)
Flame points: 57 ° C (B10) and 58 ° C (B20)
Points of clouds: -0.4 ° C (B10) and -4.5 ° C (B20)
Water content: 0.03% (B10) and 0.09% (B20)
IOD numbers: 27.08 GI2/100 mg (B10) and 36.22 GI2/100 mg (B20)

Q: What are the exhaust emission test results for biodiesel B10 and B20?

A: The exhaust emission test results show that biodiesel B10 produces 16% emissions, biodiesel B20 produces 6.5% emissions, while diesel oil produces 24.5% emissions.

Q: What are the benefits of using biodiesel from hazelnut oil?

A: The benefits of using biodiesel from hazelnut oil include:

Reduced dependence on fossil fuels
Lower exhaust gas emissions
Renewable and biodegradable fuel
Potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Potential to reduce engine wear and tear

Q: What are the limitations of this study?

A: The limitations of this study include:

Small-scale study
Limited investigation of combustion characteristics and long-term impacts on engines
Need for further research to optimize transesterification process

Q: What are the future research directions for biodiesel from hazelnut oil?

A: The future research directions for biodiesel from hazelnut oil include:

Optimization of transesterification process
Investigation of combustion characteristics
Long-term impacts on engines
Scale-up of production process

Q: What are the recommendations for further research?

A: The recommendations for further research include:

Conducting larger-scale studies to confirm results
Investigating other aspects of biodiesel, such as its performance in engines and its impact on the environment
Developing more efficient and cost-effective methods for producing biodiesel from hazelnut oil.