Morphological Characteristics of Siamese Oranges

Oct 13, 2025 by windailys.com 52 views

Introduction

In the realm of agriculture, understanding the diversity of crops is crucial for their conservation, breeding, and economic development. The Siamese orange (Citrus nobilis) is one of the citrus fruits grown in Simalungun Regency, Indonesia. However, little is known about its morphological characteristics and kinship relations. This study aims to investigate the morphological characteristics and kinship relations of Siamese oranges in three villages in Simalungun Regency, namely Dalig Raya, Pembang Purba, and Simpang Bage.

Background

The Siamese orange is a type of citrus fruit that is widely cultivated in Southeast Asia. It is known for its sweet and juicy flesh, making it a popular fruit among locals and tourists alike. However, the Siamese orange is also a crop that is vulnerable to various diseases and pests, which can affect its yield and quality. Therefore, understanding the diversity of Siamese oranges is crucial for developing strategies to conserve and improve this crop.

Methodology

This study was conducted in three villages in Simalungun Regency, namely Dalig Raya, Pembang Purba, and Simpang Bage. A total of 36 Siamese orange samples were collected from these villages and analyzed for their morphological characteristics. The parameters measured included plant height, stem shape, stem color, leaf strands, length and width of leaf strands, leaf color, open flower colors, flower positions, number of stamens, length and width of the petals, fruit diameter, fruit weight, fruit skin color, fruit shape, fruit flesh taste, skin thickness, number of segments, number of seeds, seed shape, seed surface, and seed color.

Results

The results of this study showed that the Siamese oranges in the three villages have a large enough variation of phenotypes, especially in plant height parameters, stem shape, leaf length and width, the number of stamens, petal size, fruit diameter, fruit weight, skin thickness, and number segment. This finding shows that the Siamese oranges in Simalungun have a significant genetic diversity, which is reflected in differences in morphological characteristics.

Morphological Characteristics of Siamese Oranges

The morphological characteristics of Siamese oranges were analyzed using various parameters. The results showed that the Siamese oranges in the three villages have a large enough variation of phenotypes, especially in plant height parameters, stem shape, leaf length and width, the number of stamens, petal size, fruit diameter, fruit weight, skin thickness, and number segment. The following are the results of the morphological characteristics of Siamese oranges:

Plant Height: The plant height of Siamese oranges in the three villages ranged from 1.5 to 3.5 meters.
Stem Shape: The stem shape of Siamese oranges in the three villages was either straight or curved.
Stem Color: The stem color of Siamese oranges in the three villages was either green or brown.
Leaf Strands: The leaf strands of Siamese oranges in the three villages ranged from 5 to 10 cm in length and 2 to 5 cm in width.
Leaf Color: The leaf color of Siamese oranges in the three villages was either green or yellow.
Open Flower Colors: The open flower colors of Siamese oranges in the three villages were either white or yellow.
Flower Positions: The flower positions of Siamese oranges in the three villages were either terminal or axillary.
Number of Stamens: The number of stamens of Siamese oranges in the three villages ranged from 10 to 20.
Length and Width of the Petals: The length and width of the petals of Siamese oranges in the three villages ranged from 1 to 3 cm.
Fruit Diameter: The fruit diameter of Siamese oranges in the three villages ranged from 5 to 10 cm.
Fruit Weight: The fruit weight of Siamese oranges in the three villages ranged from 100 to 500 grams.
Fruit Skin Color: The fruit skin color of Siamese oranges in the three villages was either green or yellow.
Fruit Shape: The fruit shape of Siamese oranges in the three villages was either spherical or oval.
Fruit Flesh Taste: The fruit flesh taste of Siamese oranges in the three villages was either sweet or sour.
Skin Thickness: The skin thickness of Siamese oranges in the three villages ranged from 1 to 3 mm.
Number of Segments: The number of segments of Siamese oranges in the three villages ranged from 10 to 20.
Number of Seeds: The number of seeds of Siamese oranges in the three villages ranged from 1 to 5.
Seed Shape: The seed shape of Siamese oranges in the three villages was either oval or spherical.
Seed Surface: The seed surface of Siamese oranges in the three villages was either smooth or rough.
Seed Color: The seed color of Siamese oranges in the three villages was either brown or black.

Kinship Relations of Siamese Oranges

The kinship relations of Siamese oranges were analyzed using the dendrogram method. The results showed that the closest kinship relationship was found in samples C5 and B5 with a coefficient of 0.702. Meanwhile, the farthest kinship was found in samples of A3 and A1 with a coefficient of 22,103.

Dendrogram Analysis

The dendrogram analysis showed that the Siamese oranges in the three villages can be grouped into two main clusters. The first cluster consists of 35 samples, and the second cluster consists of 1 sample. The first cluster shows a closer kinship, while the second cluster has a further kinship with the first cluster.

Importance of this Research

This research has several important meanings:

Knowing the Diversity of Siamese Oranges: This research succeeded in uncovering the diversity of morphology and siam orange kinship in Simalungun, which is the basis for conservation and development of superior varieties.
Siamese Orange Breeding Strategies: The data produced can be used to develop the Siamese orange breeding strategy in the future, such as selecting and crossing to get a more productive variety and resistant to disease.
Increasing the Economic Value of Siamese Oranges: Improving the quality and quantity of Siamese orange production can increase the economic value of this citrus fruit, as well as the welfare of farmers in Simalungun.

Conclusion

This study shows that Siamem oranges in Simalungun have a significant diversity of morphology and kinship relations. This data can be the basis for the development of conservation, breeding, and increasing economic value in the future.

Introduction

Siamese oranges (Citrus nobilis) are a type of citrus fruit that is widely cultivated in Simalungun Regency, Indonesia. This fruit is known for its sweet and juicy flesh, making it a popular fruit among locals and tourists alike. However, there are many questions that people have about Siamese oranges, such as their morphological characteristics, kinship relations, and economic value. In this article, we will answer some of the frequently asked questions (FAQs) about Siamese oranges in Simalungun.

Q: What are the morphological characteristics of Siamese oranges in Simalungun?

A: The morphological characteristics of Siamese oranges in Simalungun include plant height, stem shape, stem color, leaf strands, length and width of leaf strands, leaf color, open flower colors, flower positions, number of stamens, length and width of the petals, fruit diameter, fruit weight, fruit skin color, fruit shape, fruit flesh taste, skin thickness, number of segments, number of seeds, seed shape, seed surface, and seed color.

Q: What are the kinship relations of Siamese oranges in Simalungun?

A: The kinship relations of Siamese oranges in Simalungun were analyzed using the dendrogram method. The results showed that the closest kinship relationship was found in samples C5 and B5 with a coefficient of 0.702. Meanwhile, the farthest kinship was found in samples of A3 and A1 with a coefficient of 22,103.

Q: What is the economic value of Siamese oranges in Simalungun?

A: The economic value of Siamese oranges in Simalungun is significant. Improving the quality and quantity of Siamese orange production can increase the economic value of this citrus fruit, as well as the welfare of farmers in Simalungun.

Q: How can the diversity of Siamese oranges in Simalungun be conserved?

A: The diversity of Siamese oranges in Simalungun can be conserved by developing strategies to protect and preserve the genetic diversity of this crop. This can be done by establishing a Siamese orange gene bank, conducting research on the genetic diversity of Siamese oranges, and implementing conservation programs for this crop.

Q: How can the breeding of Siamese oranges in Simalungun be improved?

A: The breeding of Siamese oranges in Simalungun can be improved by selecting and crossing Siamese orange varieties that have desirable traits, such as high yield, disease resistance, and good quality. This can be done by conducting research on the genetic diversity of Siamese oranges and developing breeding programs that take into account the genetic diversity of this crop.

Q: What are the challenges facing the production of Siamese oranges in Simalungun?

A: The production of Siamese oranges in Simalungun faces several challenges, including disease, pests, and climate change. These challenges can affect the yield and quality of Siamese oranges, making it difficult for farmers to produce this crop.

Q: How can the production of Siamese oranges in Simalungun be improved?

A: The production of Siamese oranges in Simalungun can be improved by implementing integrated pest management (IPM) practices, using disease-resistant varieties, and adopting climate-resilient agricultural practices. This can help to reduce the impact of disease, pests, and climate change on Siamese orange production.

Conclusion

Siamese oranges (Citrus nobilis) are a type of citrus fruit that is widely cultivated in Simalungun Regency, Indonesia. This fruit is known for its sweet and juicy flesh, making it a popular fruit among locals and tourists alike. However, there are many questions that people have about Siamese oranges, such as their morphological characteristics, kinship relations, and economic value. In this article, we have answered some of the frequently asked questions (FAQs) about Siamese oranges in Simalungun. We hope that this information will be helpful to farmers, researchers, and policymakers who are interested in the production and conservation of Siamese oranges in Simalungun.