Kubernetes Installation On Ubuntu 20.04: A Step-by-Step Guide

by Jhon Lennon 62 views

What's up, everyone! Today, we're diving deep into something super exciting for all you budding DevOps gurus and cloud enthusiasts: installing Kubernetes on Ubuntu 20.04. If you've been hearing all the buzz about container orchestration and want to get your hands dirty with the de facto standard, then you've come to the right place, guys. We'll be walking through the entire process, step-by-step, making sure even if you're new to this, you'll be able to get a working Kubernetes cluster up and running. So, grab your favorite beverage, settle in, and let's get this Kubernetes party started!

Why Kubernetes, Anyway?

Before we jump headfirst into the installation, let's quickly chat about why Kubernetes is such a big deal. Think of it as the ultimate conductor for your containerized applications. You've got your apps all packaged up in containers (like Docker), which is awesome for consistency and portability. But when you start running lots of these containers, managing them can become a real headache. You need to deploy them, scale them up or down based on traffic, handle failures, update them without downtime, and so much more. This is where Kubernetes swoops in like a superhero. It automates all these tasks, making it way easier to manage your applications at scale. It ensures your applications are available, resilient, and can grow with your needs. Basically, Kubernetes helps you build and run applications that are robust, scalable, and easy to manage, which is exactly what you want in today's fast-paced digital world.

Prerequisites: Getting Ready for the Big Show

Alright, team, before we start typing commands like there's no tomorrow, let's make sure we've got everything we need. For this guide, we'll be focusing on a single-node cluster, which is perfect for learning and testing. If you're planning a production environment, you'll need multiple nodes, but the core concepts we cover here will still apply. So, what do you need?

  1. Two Ubuntu 20.04 Machines: These can be physical servers, virtual machines (like VirtualBox or VMware), or even cloud instances. For simplicity, we'll refer to them as master (your control plane node) and worker (your node where your applications will run). Make sure they have at least 2GB of RAM and 2 CPUs each. Less than that, and Kubernetes might get a bit grumpy.
  2. A Stable Internet Connection: You'll be downloading quite a few packages, so a good connection is key.
  3. SSH Access: You should be able to SSH into both your master and worker machines. It's also super handy if you can set up passwordless SSH between them. This will make running commands across nodes a breeze.
  4. Basic Linux Command-Line Familiarity: You should be comfortable with using the terminal, editing files, and running basic commands.

Important Note: Kubernetes doesn't play nicely with machines that use swap memory. It can cause issues with how pods are scheduled and managed. So, for both your master and worker nodes, you'll need to disable swap. We'll cover how to do this in the next section.

Step 1: Preparing Your Nodes (Master & Worker)

This is where the real preparation begins, folks. We need to get both our master and worker nodes in tip-top shape before we install Kubernetes. These steps are crucial, so pay close attention!

Disabling Swap Memory

As I mentioned, Kubernetes really doesn't like swap memory. To disable it, SSH into both your master and worker machines and run the following commands:

sudo swapoff -a

This command will immediately disable swap. However, it will be re-enabled after a reboot. To make this change permanent, we need to edit the /etc/fstab file. Open it with your favorite text editor (like nano or vim):

sudo nano /etc/fstab

Now, find the line that refers to swap (it will likely contain /swap or swapfile) and comment it out by adding a # at the beginning of the line. It should look something like this:

# /swapfile                                 none            swap    sw              0       0

Save the file and exit the editor. You can verify that swap is disabled by running sudo swapon --show – it should return nothing.

Enabling Kernel Modules and System Settings

Kubernetes needs certain kernel modules to function correctly, and we need to configure some system settings to ensure smooth operation. Run these commands on both your master and worker nodes:

sudo modprobe overlay
sudo modprobe br_netfilter

sudo tee /etc/modules-load.d/k8s.conf <<EOF
overlay
br_netfilter
EOF

sudo sysctl net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables=1
sudo sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf <<EOF
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables  = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward                 = 1
EOF

sudo sysctl --system

Let's break down what these commands do, guys:

  • sudo modprobe overlay and sudo modprobe br_netfilter: These load the overlay and br_netfilter kernel modules. The overlay module is used by container runtimes like Docker for layered filesystems, and br_netfilter is crucial for network traffic bridging, which Kubernetes relies on heavily.
  • sudo tee /etc/modules-load.d/k8s.conf <<EOF ... EOF: This ensures that the overlay and br_netfilter modules are loaded automatically every time your system boots.
  • sudo sysctl net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables=1 and sudo sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1: These commands enable IP forwarding and ensure that network packets are correctly processed by iptables when they cross bridge network interfaces. This is essential for Kubernetes networking.
  • sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf <<EOF ... EOF: Similar to the previous tee command, this makes the IP forwarding and iptables settings persistent across reboots.
  • sudo sysctl --system: This applies all the system-wide sysctl settings from configuration files, including the ones we just added.

Installing Containerd (The Container Runtime)

Kubernetes needs a container runtime to actually run your containers. While Docker is popular, Kubernetes now officially recommends containerd. So, let's get that installed on both nodes.

First, install the necessary packages:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y containerd

Now, we need to configure containerd. It generates a default configuration file, but we need to modify it slightly to ensure it uses the systemd cgroup driver, which is generally recommended for Kubernetes.

Create the containerd configuration directory if it doesn't exist:

sudo mkdir -p /etc/containerd

Generate the default configuration and then edit it:

sudo containerd config default | sudo tee /etc/containerd/config.toml
sudo nano /etc/containerd/config.toml

Inside the config.toml file, find the [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc.options] section and make sure SystemdCgroup is set to true:

[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc]
  ... # other options
  [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc.options]
    SystemdCgroup = true

Save and exit the file. Finally, restart the containerd service to apply the changes:

sudo systemctl restart containerd

Step 2: Installing Kubernetes Components (Master Node)

Now that our nodes are prepped, let's focus on the master node. This is where the Kubernetes control plane lives – the brains of the operation.

Installing kubeadm, kubelet, and kubectl

We'll use kubeadm to bootstrap our cluster, kubelet to run on each node and manage pods, and kubectl to interact with the cluster. These tools need to be installed from a Kubernetes-specific APT repository.

First, update your package list and install apt-transport-https which allows APT to retrieve packages from repositories over HTTPS:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y apt-transport-https ca-certificates curl gpg

Next, download the Google Cloud public signing key:

curl -fsSL https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.29/deb/Release.key | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-apt-keyring.gpg

Add the Kubernetes APT repository to your sources list:

# For Kubernetes v1.29
echo 'deb [signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/kubernetes-apt-keyring.gpg] https://pkgs.k8s.io/core:/stable:/v1.29/deb/ /' | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list

Note: If you're aiming for a different Kubernetes version, replace v1.29 with your desired version (e.g., v1.28). Always check the official Kubernetes documentation for the latest stable versions and repository configurations.

Update your package list again to include the new repository:

sudo apt update

Finally, install kubeadm, kubelet, and kubectl. We'll also pin the version to prevent automatic upgrades to potentially incompatible versions:

sudo apt install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl
sudo apt-mark hold kubelet kubeadm kubectl

The apt-mark hold command is super important here. It tells APT not to automatically upgrade these packages, which can save you from breaking your cluster with an unexpected update.

Step 3: Initializing the Kubernetes Control Plane (Master Node)

This is the moment of truth, guys! We're going to initialize the Kubernetes control plane on our master node using kubeadm. This command sets up all the necessary components for your cluster's brain.

First, we need to know the IP address of our master node. You can find this using ip addr show eth0 | grep 'inet ' | awk '{print $2}' | cut -d/ -f1 (replace eth0 with your network interface if different). Let's assume your master's IP is 192.168.1.100 for this example.

Now, run the kubeadm init command. We'll specify the Pod network CIDR. This is a crucial setting for your cluster's networking. A common choice is 10.244.0.0/16 for Flannel or 192.168.0.0/16 for Calico. We'll use 10.244.0.0/16 as it's commonly used with Flannel, a popular network plugin.

sudo kubeadm init --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 --apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.1.100
  • --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16: This tells Kubernetes that the IP addresses for your pods will be in this range. It's essential for the CNI (Container Network Interface) plugin you'll install later.
  • --apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.1.100: This is the IP address that the Kubernetes API server will advertise on. Make sure this is the correct IP of your master node.

This command can take a few minutes to complete. If it's successful, you'll see a message indicating that the control plane has been initialized. Crucially, it will also provide you with commands to run to join your worker nodes to the cluster. Make sure you copy and save these commands securely! They contain a token and a discovery hash.

Setting up kubectl for the Current User

After kubeadm init completes, you won't be able to use kubectl as a regular user yet. You need to configure kubectl to point to your new cluster. Run these commands:

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

Now, you should be able to run kubectl commands. Try this to see if your control plane node is ready:

kubectl get nodes

You should see your master node listed, but it will likely be in a NotReady state. That's perfectly normal because we haven't set up networking yet!

Step 4: Installing a Pod Network Add-on (CNI)

Kubernetes needs a network plugin (a CNI - Container Network Interface) to allow pods to communicate with each other across different nodes. Without it, your pods won't be able to talk, and your cluster won't function correctly. A popular and simple choice is Flannel. Let's get it installed on your master node.

Apply the Flannel manifest file. You can download the latest version directly from the Flannel GitHub repository. Check their documentation for the most up-to-date YAML file. Usually, it looks something like this:

kubectl apply -f https://github.com/flannel-io/flannel/releases/latest/download/kube-flannel.yml

This command downloads the Flannel configuration and applies it to your cluster. It will create the necessary pods (like a kube-flannel-ds DaemonSet) that run on each node to manage the network.

After applying the Flannel manifest, wait a minute or two and then check your nodes again:

kubectl get nodes

You should now see your master node in the Ready state! 🎉

Step 5: Joining Worker Nodes to the Cluster

It's time to bring our worker node into the fold! Remember those commands that kubeadm init gave you? They contain a token and a discovery hash needed to join the cluster. If you didn't save them, don't sweat it. You can generate a new token on the master node with:

sudo kubeadm token create --print-join-command

This command will output something like:

kubeadm join 192.168.1.100:6443 --token abcdef.1234567890abcdef --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:1234...xyz

Copy this entire command. Now, SSH into your worker node and run this copied command (with sudo):

sudo kubeadm join <master-ip>:6443 --token <token> --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:<hash>

Replace <master-ip>, <token>, and <hash> with the actual values you got. For instance:

sudo kubeadm join 192.168.1.100:6443 --token a1b2c3d4e5f6a7b8.1c2d3e4f5a6b7c8d --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:97e5a2413652b04f9e61c75c81319102d9b32c1a652d0152159f8a094e707d4f

Once the command finishes on the worker node, head back to your master node and run kubectl get nodes again.

kubectl get nodes

You should now see both your master and worker nodes listed, and they should both be in the Ready state! Congratulations, you've successfully installed a Kubernetes cluster on Ubuntu 20.04!

What's Next?

So, you've got a working Kubernetes cluster – awesome! But this is just the beginning, guys. What can you do now?

  • Deploy an Application: Try deploying a simple application like Nginx or a multi-tier web app. You'll use kubectl create deployment and kubectl expose deployment to get it running.
  • Explore kubectl: Get familiar with kubectl commands for managing deployments, services, pods, and more. Commands like kubectl get pods, kubectl logs <pod-name>, kubectl describe <resource-name> will become your best friends.
  • Learn about Kubernetes Objects: Dive into Deployments, Services, Pods, Namespaces, ConfigMaps, Secrets, and PersistentVolumes. Understanding these core objects is key to building resilient applications.
  • Consider Other CNI Plugins: While Flannel is great for getting started, explore other CNI plugins like Calico, Cilium, or Weave Net, which offer different features and performance characteristics.
  • Set up Ingress: To access your applications from outside the cluster, you'll need an Ingress controller.
  • Explore Helm: For easier management of complex applications, learn about Helm, the package manager for Kubernetes.

Troubleshooting Common Issues

Even with the best guides, sometimes things don't go as planned. Here are a few common hiccups and how to fix them:

  • Node Not Ready: If a node is stuck in NotReady status, the most common culprits are:
    • Networking: Ensure your CNI plugin (like Flannel) is installed correctly and its pods are running (kubectl get pods -n kube-system). Check logs for Flannel pods.
    • kubelet service: Make sure the kubelet service is running on the node (sudo systemctl status kubelet). Check its logs (sudo journalctl -u kubelet).
    • Firewall: Ensure your firewall isn't blocking necessary Kubernetes ports (especially between nodes).
    • containerd: Verify that containerd is running and configured correctly.
  • kubeadm join fails:
    • Token Expired: Tokens generated by kubeadm token create expire. Generate a new one and try joining again.
    • Incorrect Hash: Double-check the discovery-token-ca-cert-hash.
    • Network Connectivity: Ensure the worker node can reach the master node on port 6443.
    • swap enabled: Make sure swap is disabled on the worker node.
  • kubectl command not found: Ensure kubectl is installed correctly and that your $PATH environment variable includes the directory where it's installed.

Conclusion

And there you have it, legends! You've successfully navigated the installation of Kubernetes on Ubuntu 20.04. Getting a cluster up and running is a huge step, and it opens up a world of possibilities for deploying and managing modern applications. Remember, practice makes perfect, so keep experimenting, keep learning, and don't be afraid to break things and fix them. This is how we grow, right? Happy containerizing, and I'll catch you in the next one!