Background of Liquid Smoke

Oct 13, 2025 by windailys.com 68 views

Introduction

Liquid smoke is a widely used ingredient in various industries, including wood preservation, food, and rubber clotting. However, its physical instability during storage can affect its density, viscosity, acidity, and chemical composition. This instability is often caused by the tendency of liquid smoke to undergo polymerization. In this study, we aim to increase the stability of liquid smoke by applying the hydrodeoxygenation process, which involves the use of variations in the catalyst of Bratachem natural zeolite and 98% ethanol solvent under atmospheric conditions.

Background of Liquid Smoke

Liquid smoke is a byproduct of the combustion of wood or other organic materials. It is a complex mixture of volatile compounds, including phenols, guaiacols, and syringols. Liquid smoke is used as a wood preservative, a food ingredient, and in the rubber clotting process. However, its physical instability during storage can affect its quality and usability. The instability of liquid smoke is often caused by the tendency of its components to undergo polymerization, which can lead to the formation of high-molecular-weight compounds.

The Hydrodeoxygenation Process

The hydrodeoxygenation process is a catalytic process that involves the removal of oxygen from liquid smoke. This process is carried out in the presence of a catalyst, which is typically a metal or metal oxide. The catalyst is used to facilitate the removal of oxygen from the liquid smoke, resulting in a more stable product. In this study, we used Bratachem natural zeolite as the catalyst, which is a type of zeolite that is known for its high catalytic activity.

Characterization of Zeolite

The characterization of zeolite was carried out using X-Difraction (XRD) analysis. XRD analysis is a technique that is used to determine the crystal structure of a material. In this study, we used XRD analysis to determine the crystal structure of Bratachem natural zeolite. The results of the XRD analysis showed that the zeolite had a high crystallinity, which is indicative of its high catalytic activity.

Characterization of Liquid Smoke

The characterization of liquid smoke was carried out using several analytical methods, including Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR), analysis of the ASTM D-6751 method, and measurement of Acidity (pH) with the ASTM P E70 method. In addition, density analysis was carried out based on ASTM E873-82, viscosity analysis followed ASTM D445, and the use of Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) in accordance with the ASTM D6980-81 method.

Results of FT-IR Analysis

The results of the FT-IR analysis showed an increase in the transmittance value at a wavelength of 1280.77 cm-1 with a percentage of 49.75%. This indicates that there is a significant change in the chemical structure of liquid smoke after the hydrodeoxygenation process. In addition, the analysis showed a decrease from 29.09% to 27.27%, which means there was a change in the chemical composition of the material.

Results of pH Analysis

The results of the pH analysis showed a decrease from 2.0 to 2.6 during storage, which indicates that acidity stability can be maintained better.

Results of Density Analysis

The results of the density analysis showed an increase from 0.9724 g/ml to 0.9867 g/ml, which can show an increase in the concentration of compounds in liquid smoke.

Results of Viscosity Analysis

The results of the viscosity analysis showed a decrease from 1,9182 CP to 1,1001 CP, which indicates that liquid smoke becomes easier to flow.

Results of GC-MS Analysis

The results of the GC-MS analysis showed that the Brathem 3M natural zeolite catalyst produces more of the desired compounds, and thus, the strengthening of liquid smoke can be achieved effectively using the catalyst.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study provides a deeper understanding of the stability of liquid smoke and how the hydrodeoxygenation process can affect the physical characteristics and chemical composition of liquid smoke. By knowing how to strengthen liquid smoke, it is hoped that its use can be wider and effective in various industrial fields.

Recommendations

Based on the results of this study, we recommend the use of Bratachem natural zeolite as a catalyst in the hydrodeoxygenation process to strengthen liquid smoke. We also recommend the use of 98% ethanol solvent under atmospheric conditions to facilitate the removal of oxygen from liquid smoke. Additionally, we recommend the use of FT-IR, pH, density, viscosity, and GC-MS analysis to characterize the liquid smoke and determine its stability.

Future Studies

Future studies can focus on the optimization of the hydrodeoxygenation process to improve the stability of liquid smoke. This can be achieved by varying the catalyst, solvent, and reaction conditions to determine the optimal conditions for the process. Additionally, future studies can focus on the application of liquid smoke in various industrial fields, such as wood preservation, food, and rubber clotting.

Limitations

This study has several limitations. The use of Bratachem natural zeolite as a catalyst may not be suitable for all types of liquid smoke. Additionally, the use of 98% ethanol solvent may not be suitable for all reaction conditions. Furthermore, the characterization of liquid smoke using FT-IR, pH, density, viscosity, and GC-MS analysis may not be comprehensive.

Conclusion

Q: What is liquid smoke?

A: Liquid smoke is a byproduct of the combustion of wood or other organic materials. It is a complex mixture of volatile compounds, including phenols, guaiacols, and syringols.

Q: What is the hydrodeoxygenation process?

A: The hydrodeoxygenation process is a catalytic process that involves the removal of oxygen from liquid smoke. This process is carried out in the presence of a catalyst, which is typically a metal or metal oxide.

Q: What is the purpose of the hydrodeoxygenation process?

A: The purpose of the hydrodeoxygenation process is to increase the stability of liquid smoke by removing oxygen from its components. This process can help to improve the physical characteristics and chemical composition of liquid smoke.

Q: What are the benefits of strengthening liquid smoke?

A: The benefits of strengthening liquid smoke include improved stability, reduced acidity, and increased concentration of compounds. These benefits can make liquid smoke more suitable for use in various industrial fields.

Q: What are the limitations of the hydrodeoxygenation process?

A: The limitations of the hydrodeoxygenation process include the use of a specific catalyst and solvent, which may not be suitable for all types of liquid smoke. Additionally, the process may not be comprehensive in terms of characterization of liquid smoke.

Q: What are the potential applications of strengthened liquid smoke?

A: The potential applications of strengthened liquid smoke include wood preservation, food, and rubber clotting. The improved stability and reduced acidity of strengthened liquid smoke make it more suitable for use in these industries.

Q: How can the hydrodeoxygenation process be optimized?

A: The hydrodeoxygenation process can be optimized by varying the catalyst, solvent, and reaction conditions to determine the optimal conditions for the process. This can help to improve the stability and quality of strengthened liquid smoke.

Q: What are the future directions for research on liquid smoke?

A: Future directions for research on liquid smoke include the optimization of the hydrodeoxygenation process, the development of new catalysts and solvents, and the application of liquid smoke in various industrial fields.

Q: What are the potential risks associated with the use of liquid smoke?

A: The potential risks associated with the use of liquid smoke include the release of volatile compounds, which can be hazardous to human health and the environment. Additionally, the use of liquid smoke may require special handling and storage procedures.

Q: How can the stability of liquid smoke be monitored?

A: The stability of liquid smoke can be monitored using various analytical methods, including FT-IR, pH, density, viscosity, and GC-MS analysis. These methods can help to determine the physical characteristics and chemical composition of liquid smoke.

Q: What are the potential economic benefits of strengthening liquid smoke?

A: The potential economic benefits of strengthening liquid smoke include increased demand for liquid smoke in various industrial fields, improved product quality, and reduced production costs.

Q: How can the hydrodeoxygenation process be scaled up for industrial use?

A: The hydrodeoxygenation process can be scaled up for industrial use by optimizing the reaction conditions, developing new catalysts and solvents, and implementing efficient processing and handling procedures.

Q: What are the potential environmental benefits of strengthening liquid smoke?

A: The potential environmental benefits of strengthening liquid smoke include reduced emissions of volatile compounds, improved product quality, and reduced waste generation.

Q: How can the stability of liquid smoke be improved in the presence of oxygen?

A: The stability of liquid smoke can be improved in the presence of oxygen by using antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), or by implementing oxygen-free processing and handling procedures.

Q: What are the potential health benefits of strengthening liquid smoke?

A: The potential health benefits of strengthening liquid smoke include reduced exposure to volatile compounds, improved product quality, and reduced risk of adverse health effects.

Q: How can the hydrodeoxygenation process be used to produce other products?

A: The hydrodeoxygenation process can be used to produce other products, such as biofuels, bioplastics, and biochemicals. The process can be optimized to produce these products by varying the catalyst, solvent, and reaction conditions.